阿美族馬蘭複音歌謠

Amis Polyphonic Song Transmitted by Falangaw Tribe

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　　在台灣原住民族中，阿美族的社會組織有別於其他族群，以母系繼嗣的親屬組織為主，一旦有孩子出生，他即與母親同屬一個家庭、世系群與氏族。傳統上，家裡的大小事情均由女主人作決定，而部落性的政治活動或捕魚、建築才是男子的工作。

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　　在阿美族的所有方言群中，中部的海岸阿美與南部的卑南阿美在音樂上最為人所注目。早在黑澤隆朝1943年的音樂普查中，就提出海岸阿美（田埔社）具節奏感的豐年祭歌舞以及卑南阿美（馬蘭社）的複音歌唱，在音樂上的突出性。

 

　　阿美族馬蘭複音歌謠，學界稱為「對位式複音歌唱」(Counterpoint style of polyphonic singing)，1996年經亞特蘭大奧運會的宣傳短片傳播全球；吟唱時最少需要2名或2名以上的壯年族人，領唱與隨唱者發揮技巧去變換旋律即興填詞；阿美族複音歌謠以臺東馬蘭一帶的傳唱為主要代表。在其獨特的「彎曲」(’ikung) 歌唱技巧中，歌者依據相同的骨幹旋律，即興加入饒富裝飾性的對應旋律，因而形成複音歌唱的現象。此技巧的運用，形成了南部阿美族複音歌唱的花腔競逐風格。

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Among the aborigines in Taiwan, the social organization of the Amis is different from other ethnic groups. It is dominated by kin organizations of matrilineal heirs. Once a child is born, he belongs to the same family, lineage and clan as his mother. Traditionally, the hostess decides all matters in the home, and tribal political activities, fishing, and construction are men’s jobs.

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Among all the dialect groups of the Amis people, the Coast Amis in the central Eastern Coast and Puyuma Amis in the southern Eastern Coast are the most noticeable in music. As early as the Kurosawa's 1943 music general investigation, the rhythmic harvest festival singing and dancing by Coast Amis (Tianpu tribe) and the polyphonic singing of Puyuma Amis (Malan tribe) were prominent in music.

The Malan Amis polyphonic ballades is known by the so-called "Counterpoint style of polyphonic singing" in academic circles. In 1996, it was disseminated worldwide through a promotional video of the Atlanta Olympics. The principals of this type of polyphonic singing are as followed: at least two or more middle-aged people are required to sing; the leading singers and followers singers improvise their melodic lines and lyrics; and are mainly represented by the singing in Malan, Taitung.

 

In the unique " ’ikung" (bending) singing technique, the singers improvise and add richly decorative counterpoint lines corresponding the main melody. Both main and counterpoint melodies are based on the same skeletal melody but perform in various way, thus forming the phenomenon of polyphonic singing. The application of this technique has formed extremely ornamental style of polyphonic singing among the southern Amis tribes.

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