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泰雅族楊德福口簧琴演奏技藝

The Atayal Jaw’s Harp Playing Tradition Transmitted by Payas Temu 

  口簧琴是廣泛分佈於亞洲、歐洲、大洋洲的古老樂器,就型制外觀及牽引簧片振動的方式概可分為拉繩及彈撥兩大類。臺灣各地所分布者皆屬拉繩式。依據清代和日據時代的文獻記載,口簧琴曾經普遍出現於台灣原住民的許多不同族群中。比如黑澤隆朝(Takatomo ) 在1943年針對臺灣原住民族進行的音樂普查就顯示出,原住民族各族中除達悟族外,各族皆有口簧琴。然而現今除了泰雅族(Atayal)、賽德克族(Seediq)、太魯閣族(Truku)與布農族(Bunun)尚且保留部分傳統,其餘族群多已失傳。

  綜觀世界大部分民族所持有的口簧琴,絕大部分的民族僅有單簧,至多為雙簧,唯獨臺灣的泰雅族、賽德克族、太魯閣族的口簧樂器發展至五簧,這項獨特的口簧文化在全世界的傳統音樂中,是僅見的瑰寶。

  泰雅語稱口簧琴為Lubuw,傳統上用於戀人彼此透過樂音傳遞情感訊息,或歡樂時彈奏歌樂並搭配舞蹈。喪事期間則禁止使用。

楊德福先生的口簧琴演奏技藝精湛,保存泰雅族幾已失傳、配合口唱及舞蹈的演奏傳統,而且能演奏單簧至四簧等各式口簧琴,而其四簧口琴演奏,甚至保存10種不同的古老曲調,在泰雅族口簧琴演奏技藝大幅凋零的現況中,顯得尤其珍貴。

  Jaw's harp is an ancient musical instrument widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and Oceania. It can be divided into two major categories in terms of its appearance and the way of vibrating the reed: Plucking type and Rope-pulling type. Those distributed in various places in Taiwan belong to the Rope-pulling type. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese occupation period, the Jaw's harp once appeared in many different ethnic groups of the aborigines of Taiwan. For example, the Takatomo music census conducted in 1943 on the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan showed that all aboriginal ethnic groups except the Dao ethnic group have Jaw's harps. However, except for the Atayal, Seediq, Truku, and Bunun, which still retain some of their traditions, most of the other ethnic groups have lost this tradition.

  The Jaw's harps performed by most ethnic groups in the world consist of single reed, and at most double reeds. Only Taiwan’s Atayal, Seediq, and Truku have developed to five reeds. They retain a unique culture of Jaw's harp playing and manufacturing among the whole world.

In Atayal, the Jaw's harp is called Lubuw, which is traditionally used by lovers to convey emotional messages to each other through music, or to play songs and dance with each other when they are happy. It is prohibited to use during funerals.

  Mr.  Defu Yang’s Jaw's harp playing skills are exquisite, which preserves the almost lost tradition of the Atayal, in which people play Jaw's harp while singing and daning at the same time. He can also play various types of Jaw's harp, from single to four-reed, and through his four-reed Jaw's harp performance even 10 ancient tunes are preserved, which is especially precious in the current situation when the Atayal Jaw's playing skills have greatly declined.

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